- Definition of blood transfusion blood transfusion transfer of blood or blood components from one person (donor) to another person (the recipient).
Blood transfusion is the ability to:
- Increase the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen
- Increases the body's blood volume
- Enhance immunity
- Solve the problem of freezing.
Depending on the reason for transfusion, it can give blood or blood components (eg, red blood cells, platelets, clotting factors, fresh frozen plasma / liquid part of blood or white blood cells).
If possible, would be better if only given a blood transfusion of blood components required by the recipient. Provide a more secure certain parts and not wasteful.
Blood screening techniques are now much better, so that blood transfusions are safer than ever. However, they still risk to the recipient, such as allergic reactions and infections. Although the possibility of contracting AIDS or hepatitis through blood transfusions is small, but should be alert to the risks and transfusion should only be done if there is no other choice.
Collection and classification of blood.
Collaborate blood (donor) in the filter condition. Pulse, blood pressure and body temperature were measured and blood samples were examined for the presence of anemia.
He asked whether there is or are certain conditions that cause the blood are not eligible to donate. The situation is hepatitis, heart disease, cancer (except for certain types of cancer, such as localized skin), severe asthma, malaria, bleeding disorders, AIDS and may be infected with the AIDS virus.
Hepatitis, pregnancy, major surgery, a single, uncontrolled high blood pressure, low blood pressure, anemia or use of certain medications, for a while can lead to non-fulfillment of the requirements for donating blood.
Generally, donors are not allowed to donate more than 1 hour every 2 months.
To be eligible, donating blood is safe. The whole process takes about an hour, take your own blood only lasts 10 minutes. Usually, a little pain when the needle is inserted, but after that the pain goes away.
The standard unit is only 0.48 liters of blood samples. Fresh blood taken in a plastic bag containing a preservative and anti-clotting components.
A small amount of donor blood samples examined for the presence of infectious diseases such as AIDS, viral hepatitis and syphilis. Cooled blood may be used within 42 days. In certain circumstances (for example, to preserve a rare blood type), red blood cells can be frozen and stored for up to 10 years.
Because of incompatible blood transfusions in recipients can be dangerous, then the blood that you want, regularly classified by type, if class A, B, AB or O and Rh positive or Rh negative. As the following precautions before starting the transfusion, the auditor mix a drop of blood donors in blood recipients to ensure they are suitable: This method is called cross.
Blood and blood components.
A person who requires a large amount of blood consumed in time (eg, due to severe bleeding), you can receive a complete blood count to help improve circulation and fluid volume. A complete blood count can also be provided if needed blood components can not be taken separately.
The most common components of blood transfused packed red blood cells (PRC), which can increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity. Parts that can be given to a person with severe anemia or bleeding. What is more expensive than the Republic of China has thawed red blood cells, which are usually reserved for the rare group of blood transfusion.
Some people have allergies that require blood for blood donors. If drugs can not prevent an allergic reaction, should be given washed red blood cells.
Too low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) can cause spontaneous bleeding and severe. Platelet transfusions may increase the ability to clot blood.
Plasma proteins of blood clotting factors that normally works to help blood platelets from frost. No freezing, bleeding due to injury will not stop. Blood clotting factors are concentrated can be administered to patients with congenital bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.
Plasma is also a source faktro blood clotting. Fresh frozen plasma, used in bleeding disorders, which are unknown or missing clotting factors if you can give blood clotting factors are concentrated. Fresh frozen plasma is also used in bleeding caused by the formation of clotting factors is not enough protein, which is the result of heart failure.
Although rare, white blood cells are transfused to treat deadly infections that patients with white blood cell count is very low, or patients who are white blood cells do not function normally. In these cases antibiotics are often used.
Antibodies (immunoglobulins), which is part of the blood to fight disease, sometimes also the development of safety in humans exposed to infectious diseases (such as chicken pox or hepatitis) or those with low levels of antibody.
Special procedures for blood donors.
In a traditional blood transfusion, whole blood donors and recipients want to receive it.
But the concept has spread.
Depending on the circumstances, the recipient can receive blood from the cells, or only a clotting factor or some other blood components. Transfusion of blood components allows some special treatment, reducing the risk of side effects and can efficiently use the various parts of units of blood in the treatment of some patients.
In some circumstances, the receiver can receive all of his own blood (autologous transfusion).
Apheresis.
In apheresis, donors give only part of the blood needed by the recipient.
If the recipient requires platelets, complete blood taken from donors and a machine to separate blood into its components, selectively separating the platelets and returns the remaining blood from the donor.
Since most of the blood to the donor, the donor can safely give platelets as much as 8.10 times the amount the first time this technique.
Autologous blood transfusion
Blood transfusions are the safest donors are also suitable as beneficiaries, because it eliminates the risk of incompatibility and blood-borne diseases.
Sometimes, if a patient is bleeding or undergoing surgery, blood may be collected and returned. What usually happens is that patients who donate blood will be given again to the transfusion. For example, a month before surgery, patients want a little bit of blood units transfused, as necessary during or after surgery.
Direct donors and prospective donors.
Family members or friends may donate blood specifically for each, if the donor and recipient blood type and match blood Rhnya factor.
In some recipients, donor knows will lead to a sense of calm, the blood from family members or friends have not been definitely safer than the blood of strangers.
The blood of family members, lighting is considered to prevent graft-versus-host disease, although rare, but occur more often if there is blood relationship between donor and recipient.
Preventive actions and reactions.
To minimize the possibility of a reaction during the transfusion, a series of preventive measures. After seeing the blood given is for the recipient to receive the blood, the officer will reduce the blood supply to the recipient, usually 2 hours or more per unit of blood.
Since most of the incompatibility reaction dalam15 first minute, then begin the procedure, the recipient must be closely monitored. Later, the authorities can check every 30-45 minutes and in case of incompatibility reactions, transfusion should be stopped.
Most blood transfusions are safe and successful, but sometimes mild reactions can occur, while the serious and fatal reactions are rare. The most common reactions are fever and allergic reactions (hypersensitivity), which produces about 1.2% through transfusions.
Symptoms include:
- Itching
- Redness
- Maga
- Dizziness
- Fever
- Headache.
Symptoms rarely, difficulty breathing, wheezing sound and muscle spasms. More rare severe allergic reactions.
While the cross-classification and accuracy testing, but errors can occur for cells to find cells that are destroyed immediately after the transfusion (hemolitik0 reaction. The reaction usually starts as anxiety or fear during or immediately after a blood transfusion.
It sometimes happens shortness of breath, chest tightness, redness in the face and severe back pain. Rarely, these reactions can be severe and even fatal.
To strengthen accusations hemolytic reaction, carried out tests to see if there hemoglogin in blood and urine of patients.
The recipient may experience excess fluid. The most sensitive of the recipients are people with heart disease, so that blood transfusion performed more slowly and monitor closely.
Graft versus host disease is a rare complication fundamental about people with defective immune systems due to medication or disease. In this disease, the network host (server) is attacked by white blood donors (graft). Symptoms include fever, swelling, low blood pressure, tissue damage
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